Email authentication standards: SPF, DKIM, and DMARC are showing promise in cutting down on email spoofing attempts and improving email deliverability. While differentiating spoofed (fake) emails from legitimate ones, email authentication standards go further in distinguishing if an email is legitimate by verifying the identity of the sender. With increasing reliance on technology and the internet, cybersecurity threats have become more sophisticated and manifest in various forms, such as address spoofing, phishing, malware attacks, hacking, and more.

As more organizations adopt these standards, the overall message of trust and authority in email communication will begin to reassert itself. Every business that depends on email marketing, project requests, financial transactions, and the general exchange of information within or across companies needs to understand the basics of what these solutions are designed to accomplish and what benefits they can get out of them. Unsurprisingly, today’s digital ecosystem is filled with malicious tactics and strategies to bypass the privacy and security structures of businesses, government organizations, and individuals. Out of all these approaches, address spoofing (or email spoofing), wherein the hackers use deceptive ways to impersonate legitimate email senders, is the most common.

Key Takeaways

SPF, DKIM, and DMARC work collaboratively to authenticate senders, prevent email spoofing (including address spoofing), and enhance deliverability.
Email spoofing, a prevalent cybersecurity threat often involving IP/email address manipulation, uses social engineering to deceive recipients for malicious purposes like fraud, data theft, or malware delivery.
SPF authorizes sending servers via DNS records, while DKIM adds cryptographic verification using digital signatures to confirm message integrity and sender authenticity.
DMARC leverages SPF and DKIM results, allowing domain owners to dictate how receiving servers handle unauthenticated emails (e.g., reject) and protect brand reputation.
DMARC reporting provides crucial visibility into email channels, helping organizations monitor for spoofing attempts and ensure authentication protocols are working correctly.

What is Email Spoofing?

Email spoofing is a common cybersecurity issue encountered by businesses today, sometimes referred to as address spoofing. In this article, we will understand how spoofing works and the various methods to fight it. We will learn about the three authentication standards used by email providers − SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to stop it from happening.

Email spoofing can be classified as an advanced social engineering attack that uses a combination of sophisticated techniques, sometimes including IP header manipulation, to manipulate the messaging environment and exploit legitimate features of email. These emails will often appear entirely legitimate, but they are designed with the intention of gaining access to your information and/or resources. Email spoofing is used for a variety of purposes ranging from attempts to commit fraud, to breach security, launch phishing or malware attacks, and even to try to gain access to confidential business information. As a very popular form of email forgery, spoofing attacks aim to deceive recipients into believing that an email was sent from a business they use and can trust, instead of the actual sender whose identity is concealed. As emails are increasingly being sent and received in bulk, this malicious form of email scam has increased dramatically in recent years; a study by CAIDA reported almost 30,000 daily spoofing attacks between March 2015 and February 2017.

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How can Email Authentication Prevent Spoofing?

Email authentication helps you verify email sending sources with protocols like SPF, DKIM, and DMARC to prevent attackers from forging domain names and launch spoofing attacks to trick unsuspecting users. It provides verifiable information on email senders that can be used to prove their legitimacy and specify to receiving MTAs what to do with emails that fail authentication.

Hence, to enlist the various benefits of email authentication, we can confirm that SPF, DKIM, and DMARC aid in:

Protecting your domain from phishing attacks, domain spoofing, and BEC
Providing granular information and insights on email sending sources
Improving domain reputation and email deliverability rates
Preventing your legitimate emails from being marked as spam

How Do SPF, DKIM, and DMARC Work Together to Stop Spoofing?

Sender Policy Framework

SPF is an email authentication technique used to prevent spammers from sending messages on behalf of your domain. With it, you can publish authorized mail servers, giving you the ability to specify which email servers are permitted to send emails on behalf of your domain. This information is saved in a special DNS record known as an SPF record. When an email server gets a message, it verifies the SPF record for the domain name in the email address to determine whether the message is from an authorized sender. SPF helps to prevent email address spoofing by requiring senders to authenticate their messages with the domain name in the email address. This implies that spammers and fraudsters cannot simply mimic legal senders and send malicious messages to unwary receivers. However, it is worth noting that SPF is not a comprehensive solution for dodging email spoofing, which is why other email authentication mechanisms, such as DKIM and DMARC, are employed to provide an extra layer of protection.

If you want to leverage SPF in a way that would ensure its proper functioning, you need to ensure that SPF doesn’t break for your emails. This could happen in case you exceed the 10 DNS lookup limit, causing SPF permerror. SPF flattening can help you stay under the limit and authenticate your emails seamlessly.

DomainKeys Identified Mail

Impersonating a trusted sender can be used to trick your recipient into letting their guard down. DKIM is an email security solution that adds a digital signature to every message that comes from your customer’s inbox, allowing the receiver to verify that it was indeed authorized by your domain and enter your site’s trusted list of senders. DKIM allows domain owners to digitally sign their messages with a private key. The recipient’s email server validates this digital signature using a public key stored in the domain’s DNS records. If the signature is valid, the message is regarded as legitimate; otherwise, the message may be rejected or labeled as spam.

DKIM affixes a unique hash value, linked to a domain name, to each outgoing email message, allowing the receiver to check that an email claiming to have come from a specific domain was indeed authorized by the owner of that domain or not. This ultimately helps to pick up on spoofing attempts.

Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance

Simply implementing SPF and DKIM can help verify sending sources but isn’t effective enough to stop spoofing on their own. In order to stop cybercriminals from delivering fake emails to your recipients, you need to implement DMARC today. DMARC is a comprehensive email authentication protocol that helps identify spoofed emails and prevent them from being delivered to user inboxes. Implementing DMARC improves email deliverability and helps build a compelling brand reputation. This protocol helps prevent spoofing and phishing attacks by enabling domain owners to designate how their messages should be handled if they fail authentication checks like DKIM and SPF. It helps you align email headers to verify email From addresses, exposing spoofing attempts and fraudulent use of domain names. Moreover, it gives domain owners the power to specify to email receiving servers how to respond to emails failing SPF and DKIM authentication. Domain owners can choose to deliver, quarantine, and reject fake emails based on the degree of DMARC enforcement they need. By providing an additional layer of protection against email-based attacks, DMARC helps ensure that only legitimate messages are delivered to recipients’ inboxes, helping to prevent the spread of spam and other malicious content.

Note: Only a DMARC policy of reject allows you to stop spoofing.

Additionally, DMARC also offers a reporting mechanism to provide domain owners with visibility on their email channels and authentication results. By configuring your DMARC XML reader, you can monitor your email domains on a regular basis with detailed information on email sending sources, email authentication results, geolocations of fraudulent IP addresses, and the overall performance of your emails. It helps you parse your DMARC data into an organized and readable format, and take action against attackers faster.

Ultimately, SPF, DKIM, and DMARC can work together to help you catapult your organization’s email security to new heights, and stop attackers from spoofing your domain name to safeguard your organization’s reputation and credibility.

About
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Ahona Rudra

Domain & Email Security Expert at PowerDMARC

Ahona is the Marketing Manager at PowerDMARC, with 5+ years of experience in writing about cybersecurity topics, specializing in domain and email security. Ahona holds a post-graduation degree in Journalism and Communications, solidifying her career in the security sector since 2019.

How to Leverage Email Authentication Solutions (SPF, DKIM, and DMARC) to Stop Email Spoofing?